Fig. 3

Phylogeny of known Asterodiscididae and selected similar valvatidan and paxillosidan genera. Bootstrap support values expressed as percentages. * extant genera; Calliderma is the extant C. emma, C. is used for specimens previously assigned to Calliderma from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London, see Blake (2010); Co. Comptoniaster; N. Nymphaster; T. Tylasteria; O. Ocalaster. For character transformations, nodes are capital letters. Below, state changes for each nodal step are formatted “m > n” and individual characters follow, e.g., for step from node A to node B, characters 4, 20, 64, and 87 go from 0 to 1 and 5, 43, and 52 from 1 to 0. A > B: 0 > 1, 4, 20, 64, 87; 1 > 0, 5, 43, 52. B > C:1 > 0, 19, 49, 51; 0 > 1, 84. C > D: 0 > 1, 16; 1 > 0, 48, 81, 89. D > E: 0 > 1, 7, 49; 1 > 0, 35, 90. E > F: 0 > 1, 17, 19, 34, 38, 44, 45, 80; 1 > 2, 33; 1 > 0, 39, 85, 91. F > G: 0 > 1, 1, 6, 14, 21; 1 > 0, 2, 11, 15, 77; 2 > 1, 30. G > Kionaster: 1 > 2: 1, 6, 19, 20, 30, 64; 1 > 0, 4, 8, 17, 21, 34, 38, 47, 80; 0 > 1, 5, 10, 22, 23, 35, 39, 43, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82; 2 > 1, 33; 0 > 2, 18, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 81. G > H: 1 > 0: 8, 86; 0 > 1, 10, 22, 25, 26, 42, 43, 70, 74, 76, 82, 91; 2 > 1, 32; 2 > 0, 33. H > I: 1 > 0, 4, 17, 27, 80; 0 > 1: 33, 51, 52, 72, 79, 83, 92. I > J: 1 > 0: 49, 82; 0 > 1, 73. J > Asterodiscides: 0 > 1: 4, 17, 55, 58, 80. J > K: 0 > 1, 3; 1 > 0, 22, 33. K > Paulia: no character transformation. K > Pauliella: 1 > 0, 51, 52, 72. I > Amphiaster: 0 > 1, 5, 24. H > Goniaster: 1 > 0: 19, 34; 0 > 1, 35, 55, 58. F > Pentagonaster: 0 > 1, 1, 3, 6, 12, 14, 21, 63; 1 > 0, 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 49, 77; 2 > 1, 30; 1 > 2, 31. E > Mediaster: 0 > 1, 17, 19, 26, 34, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 80; 1 > 2, 33; 1 > 0, 39, 85, 91. D > L: 0 > 1: 7, 12, 14, 49; 1 > 0, 13, 35, 84, 90. L > M: 0 > 1, 3, 17, 43, 78, 79; 1 > 0, 8, 15. M > N: 1 > 0, 20, 47; 1 > 2, 33; 0 > 1, 42, 53, 58, 63, 67, 80, 88. N > O: 0 > 1, 66, 68, 69. O > P: 0 > 1, 8, 35, 56; 2 > 1, 33; 1 > 0, 42, 43. P > Co.adamsi: 0 > 1, 1, 19, 45, 48; 1 > 0, 2, 58, 88. P > Co.comptoni: 0 > 1, 29, 54, 57; 1 > 0, 49. O > Q: 0 > 1, 44, 46, 65; 1 > 0, 53, 78, 79, 80. Q > N.ornatus: 0 > 1, 10, 19, 28, 37, 48, 60, 62, 84; 1 > 2, 31. Q > Ogmaster: 1 > 0, 3, 39, 58, 85; 0 > 1, 4, 9, 36, 38, 50, 89; 0 > 2, 6; 2 > 1, 32. N > Ophyraster: 1 > 0, 3, 39, 49, 77; 0 > 1, 4, 10, 34, 38, 55, 89; 1 > 2, 31, 88. M > R: 0 > 1, 36, 50, 84. R > S: 1 > 0, 17, 39; 0 > 1,40, 46. S > T: 0 > 1: 10; 1 > 0, 43, 50, 78, 79. T > "C."smithae: 1 > 0, 27, 47; 0 > 1, 29, 44, 60, 62, 65; 1 > 2, 33. T > U, 1 > 0, 20, 31, 49, 0 > 2, 88. U > Calliderma: 1 > 0, 3, 64, 84, 85; 0 > 1, 4, 13, 51. U > N.arenatus: 1 > 0: 11, 33, 77; 0 > 1, 26, 48, 63, 80 89, 90. S > Oyenaster: 0 > 1, 1, 4, 8, 48, 81; 1 > 0, 2, 3, 77. R > O.timucum: 1 > 2, 16; 0 > 1, 19, 52. L > V: 1 > 0, 11, 64; 1 > 2, 16. V > T.berthandi: 1 > 2, 33; 0 > 1, 4, 34, 38, 48; 1 > 0, 39. V > Noviaster: 0 > 1, 5, 35. C > Co.basseti: 0 > 1, 1, 9, 16, 78, 79, 88; 1 > 0, 2, 8, 48, 77, 81. B > Radiaster: 0 > 1, 18, 59, 61, 84; 1 > 0: 19, 35, 39, 47, 49, 51, 86, 89, 91; 2 > 1, 30, 32. A > W: 0 > 1, 4, 20, 60, 62, 64; 1 > 0, 5, 43, 52; 1 > 2, 31, 33, 48. W > Pseudarchaster: 0 > 1, 7, 17, 78, 87; 1 > 0, 49, 77, 91. W > Plutonaster: 1 > 0, 19, 39; 0 > 1, 38, 42, 79, 80, 88