Fig. 8

Increase of arm number in Encrinida. a Dadocrinidae gen. nov., the IBr2 is not axillary, but has the first pinnule attached, Lower Muschelkalk, Lower Gogolin Formation, Wojkowice (Poland), scale 5 mm, MHI 1285/1. b Dadocrinus kunischi, branching at axillary IBr2, Lower Gogolin Formation, Gogolin (Poland), scale 1 cm, MHI 1284/1. c Carnallicrinus carnalli, Lower Muschelkalk, Jena Formation, Freyburg/Unstrut (Germany), scale 1 cm, MHI 1602 (H. Hess ded.; same specimen as in Fig. 4b). d Encrinus liliiformis, Upper Muschelkalk, Trochitenkalk Formation, Schwäbisch Hall (Germany), scale 1 cm, MHI 1043/1. e Chelocrinus schlotheimi, regular second branching at axillary IIBr2, Upper Muschelkalk, Trochitenkalk Formation, Örlinghausen (Germany), scale 1 cm, MHI 1093/14. f Cassianocrinus varians, juvenile individual with endotomous branching starting at axillary IIBr2, Cassian Formation, St. Kassian (Italy), scale 1 cm, NHMW 1865/IX/130. g Cassianocrinus varians, adult individual with endotomous branching starting at axillary IIBr2, axillaries dorsally inflated, Cassian Formation, St. Kassian (Italy), scale 1 cm, NHMW 20006 z 0262/0001. h Traumatocrinus hsui, juvenile individual with armlets slightly smaller than major arms, Xiaowa Formation, Guanling (China), scale 1 cm, MHI 2051. i Traumatocrinus hsui, semiadult individual with armlets smaller than major arms, distal armlets isotomously branching at axillaries with dorsal spines (better seen in Fig. 9f), Xiaowa Formation, Guanling (China), scale 1 cm, MHI 1882/4