Table 1 List of early cirrate life stage specimens incorporated into the present study

A

BIOGAS 5, Station CV40, R/V Cryos, 1974

Meriadzec Terrace, North Atlantic Ocean, 47°33'N 09°01'W, 2860 m

Photography

Boletzky (1980, 1982, 1985)

B

BIOGAS 6, Station DS81, R/V Jean Charcot, 1974

Biscay Abyssal Plain, North Atlantic Ocean, 46°28'N 10°24'W, 4715 m

Photography, illustration

Boletzky (1978–1979, 1980, 1982, 1985)

C

GALATHEA II, Station 279, R/V Galathea, 1950–1952

Laccadive Sea, Indian Ocean, 01°00'N 76°17'E, 4425 m

Illustration

Boletzky (1980, 1982)

D

GALATHEA II, Station 663, R/V Galathea, 1950–1952

Hikurangi Plateau, South Pacific Ocean, 36°31'S 178°38'W, 4520 m

Illustration

Boletzky (1980, 1982)

E

GALATHEA II, Station 664, R/V Galathea, 1950–1952

Hikurangi Plateau, South Pacific Ocean, 36°34'S 178°57'W, 4625 m

Illustration

Boletzky (1980, 1982)

F

MD04/BENTHOS, Station CP243, R/V Marion-Dufresne, 1975

Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean, 46°47.7'S 70°30.2'E, 1218 m

Illustration

Boletzky (1980, 1982)

G

Gilbert Van Dykhuizen Collection, 1992

Monterey Canyon, North Pacific Ocean, 36°46'59.84''N 121°50'3.83''W, 200–400 m

Photography, illustration (SBMNH 142130)

Ziegler and Miller (2022d), this study

H

Oregon State University Cruise Y7210A, Station BMT haul 306, R/V Yaquina, 1972

Tufts Abyssal Plain, North Pacific Ocean, 45°02.0'N 134°42.2'W, 3900 m

Photography (SBMNH 618597)

Ziegler and Miller (2022b), this study

I

NIWA TAN0803, Station 082, R/V Tangaroa, 2008

Macquarie Ridge Complex, South Pacific Ocean, 53°43'44.4"S 159°09'46.8"E, 1087–1160 m

Photography, MRI (NIWA 40590)

This study

J

NIWA TAN0803, Station 118, R/V Tangaroa, 2008

Macquarie Ridge Complex, South Pacific Ocean, 59°02'52.8"S 158°54'03.6"E, 1400–1615 m

Photography, MRI (NIWA 41108)

This study

K

NZOI SOP, Station Z-9173, R/V Tangaroa, 1998

Hikurangi Plateau, South Pacific Ocean, 37°02'18.0"S 176°41'54.0"W, 1003–1108 m

Photography, MRI (NIWA 83817)

Ziegler and Miller (2022a), this study

L

NIWA TAN0803, Station 082, R/V Tangaroa, 2008

Macquarie Ridge Complex, South Pacific Ocean, 53°43'44.4"S 159°09'46.8"E, 1087–1160 m

Photography, µCT (NIWA 40590)

This study

M

DIVA-1, Station M48/1–351, R/V Meteor, 2000

Angola Basin, South Atlantic Ocean, 16°25.2'S 05°28.2'E, 5400 m

Photography

Vecchione et al. (2016), this study

N

ANTARKTIS XIII/3, Station 39/13 GSN 6, R/V Polarstern, 1996

Off Brunt Ice Shelf, Southern Ocean, 73°36'18''S 22°19'00''W, 620–640 m

Photography, µCT (SBMNH 618600)

This study

O

ANTARKTIS XIII/3, Station 39/13 GSN 6, R/V Polarstern, 1996

Off Brunt Ice Shelf, Southern Ocean, 73°36'18''S 22°19'00''W, 620–640 m

Photography, µCT (SBMNH 618600)

This study

P

Deep Atlantic Stepping Stones, Dive H07, R/V Ronald H. Brown, 2005

Corner Rise Seamounts, North Atlantic Ocean, 35°23'44.32''N 51°16'15.14''W, 2068 m

Photography, MRI (USNM 1460906)

This study

Q

Deep Atlantic Stepping Stones, Dive H15, R/V Ronald H. Brown, 2005

Kelvin Seamount, North Atlantic Ocean, 38°46'14.16''N 64°05'41.01''W, 1965 m

Photography, MRI (USNM 1460905)

Shea et al. (2018), Ziegler (2018), this study

R

Albatross, Station 2209, R/V Albatross, 1884

Hudson Canyon, North Atlantic Ocean, 39°35'00''N 71°18'45''W, 1975 m

Written report

Verrill (1885)