Table 1 List of otolith-based fish taxa from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan

Congridae

Bathycongrus sp.

5

2

7

Congridae indet

11

2

4

17

Engraulidae

Engraulis japonicus

6

12

21

39

Stolephorus sp.

2

1

3

Gonostomatidae

Gonostomatidae indet

1

1

Sternoptychidae

Polyipnus sp.

2

74

37

81

2

196

Neoscopelidae

Neoscopelus macrolepidotus

1

1

Myctophidae

Benthosema duanformis sp. nov

11

4

1

16

Benthosema parafibulatum sp. nov

48

143

283

474

Benthosema pterotum

9

522

526

2154

3211

Benthosema suborbitale

1

2

3

Bolinichthys supralateralis

2

2

4

Ceratoscopelus warmingii

3

4

7

Diaphus chrysorhynchus

1

2

7

10

Diaphus effulgens

1

1

Diaphus sp.

4

21

45

44

5

119

Diogenichthys sp.

1

1

Lampanyctus alatus

2

2

Myctophum sp.

2

2

Notoscopelus resplendens

1

1

Myctophidae indet

5

1201

396

1776

9

3387

Macrouridae

Coelorinchus sp.

8

2

4

14

Hymenocephalus aff. papyraceus

1

4

7

12

Hymenocephalus striatissimus

1

1

Bregmacerotidae

Bregmaceros japonicus

2

10

29

41

Bregmaceros nectabanus

11

11

54

76

Bregmaceros sp.

1

8

7

9

25

Carapidae

Encheliophis sp.

2

2

Onuxodon sp.

5

1

6

Ophidiidae

Neobythites sp.

2

2

Bythitidae

Gutingichthys changi sp. nov

21

1

10

32

Bythitidae indet

1

1

Apogonidae

Jaydia sp.

1

1

Apogonidae indet

3

4

15

22

Gobiidae

Myersina filifer

1

6

25

32

Priolepis sp.

1

15

16

Parachaeturichthys sp.

2

2

Suruga aff. fundicola

1

1

Gobiidae indet

1

32

46

180

259

Microdesmidae

Microdesmidae indet

1

1

Exocoetidae

Exocoetidae indet

1

1

Carangidae

Carangidae indet

2

2

Bothidae

Arnoglossus sp.

1

13

14

Bothidae indet

1

1

9

11

Soleidae

Heteromycteris sp.

2

2

Pardachirus sp.

1

1

Soleidae indet

3

3

Cynoglossidae

Cynoglossus sp.

1

1

2

Callionymidae

Callionymidae indet

1

1

Trichiuridae

Trichiuridae indet

1

1

Champsodontidae

Champsodon sp.

2

2

Pinguipedidae

Parapercis sp.

14

1

15

Labridae

Labridae indet

1

1

Acropomatidae

Acropoma hanedai

3

3

Acropoma japonicum

18

10

13

41

Malakichthyidae

Malakichthys sp.

10

3

3

16

Synagropidae

Synagrops japonicus

2

2

Mullidae

Upeneus sp.

1

1

2

Serranidae

Serranidae indet

1

1

Bembridae

Bembridae indet

1

1

Sciaenidae

Atrobucca nibe

1

2

3

Sparidae

Pagrus major

2

2

Sparidae indet

1

1

2

Caproidae

Antigonia sp.

1

1

Indeterminate

8

12

40

60

Utricular otoliths

32

5

37

2

76

Total

22

2101

1303

4863

25

8314