Honoring Sigurd von Boletzky and his contributions to cephalopod research
Swiss Journal of Palaeontology volume 141, Article number: 7 (2022)
Sigurd von Boletzky was a cephalopod researcher who was world-renowned for his enthusiasm for his field of research, for his friendly and calm personality, and, of course, his publications. He dedicated most of his life as active researcher on the development, biology and evolution of coleoids. Nevertheless, he was always curious to learn about other cephalopods as well. Sigurd passed away in Switzerland on September 28th 2020. We dedicate this text and volume to his memory.
Detailed knowledge, great enthusiasm and a general deep love for coleoid cephalopods characterized the researcher Sigurd von Boletzky (Fig. 1). His personality was nicely portrayed in an online newsletter of the cephalopod International Advisory Council by Rodrigues (2012): “Everyone likes Sigurd. The ladies say he is a gentleman and the gentlemen say the same”. In this editorial, we want to provide a short vita and highlight some of his achievements to commemorate him. Additionally, we attach a hopefully complete bibliography.
Portrait of Sigurd von Boletzky (photo by courtesy of his wife Verena von Boletzky)
This volume includes various contributions on all main groups of cephalopods. Of course, the modern coleoids were most relevant for the life of Sigurd and hence, we included several articles on that topic (Bello & Deickert, 2021; Neige, 2021; Ward et al., 2022; Ziegler et al., 2021). He was similarly interested in coleoid evolution and thus stem group coleoids (Fuchs et al., 2021; Klug et al., 2021b; Nabhitabatha, 2022) including belemnites (De Baets et al., 2021; Jagt-Yazykova et al., 2021; Klug et al., 2021c). Being closely related to coleoids, articles on ammonoid palaeobiology had to be included in the volume as well (Beck et al., 2021; Weber et al., 2022). Ultimately, the iconic nautilids cannot miss and are represented by two articles on Cretaceous forms from the Middle East (Klug et al., 2021; Sharifi et al., 2021).
The biographic information provided here is extracted from Rodrigues (2012), the personal CV of Sigurd, as well as letters and texts, which we kindly received from his wife Verena von Boletzky and his colleagues Jürg Marthy, Giambattista Bello, Nicole Coineau, as well as Angel Guerra.
Although some colleagues perceived him as French or Swiss, his German accent revealed his origin; his native town was Frankfurt am Main, where his embryonal development ended in 1942. His mother was the German Elisabeth Charlotte von Boletzky (maiden name Schmidt), who was married to Gleb von Boletzky, who came from Russia. When he turned seven, his family moved back to Basel, where he and his older brother Nikita attended school. Having accepted Swiss nationality, he had to serve in the Swiss army in 1961. With the Swiss high school diploma in his pocket, he studied biology/ zoology at the University of Basel from 1961 to 1967. After his diploma (= Master in Biology), he continued in 1964 with his PhD-thesis on "Untersuchungen über die Organogenese des Kreislaufsystems von Octopus vulgaris Lam.” [“Studies on the organogenesis of the circulatory system of Octopus vulgaris Lam.”] (Boletzky, 1968). As part of his PhD, he began research at Banyuls-sur-Mer at the Laboratoire Arago in southwestern France. He was supervised by Professor Adolf Portmann (Basel University).
After his PhD, he carried out a PostDoc in the USA with a scholarship granted by the Swiss National Science Foundation (1968 to 1969) at the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami FL, and at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole MA. At this occasion, he had the opportunity to join a research expedition on the “RV John Elliott Pillsbury”. During this cruise, he received specimens, which he used for his articles (Boletzky 1970b, 1971a; Boletzky and Boletzky, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c) about the two genera Semirossia and Neorossia (Subfamily Rossiinae). 1968 was a good year, because in addition to the publication of his thesis, he married Maria Verena Lötscher, a certified biomedical assistant. Their daughters Paula Sophia (*1972) and Julia Dominika (*1974) attended school in France and went for higher education in Switzerland.
In 1969, he returned to Banyuls with a Swiss scholarship by the Janggen-Pöhn Foundation. Subsequently, the French National Research Center (C.N.R.S.) (Attaché de recherche 1969–1977) employed him to continue research in cephalopod biology at the Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer. Colleagues who knew him well agree that he enjoyed his work there. He then completed his inaugural dissertation on the post-embryonic development of cephalopods (Docteur ès Sciences, Doctorat d'Etat) at the Paris University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris VI) in 1975.
He was a civil servant with the CNRS, first as ‘Chargé de recherche’ from 1977 to 1999, then as ‘Directeur de recherche’ until 2007 and after his retirement in July 2007 as ‘Directeur de recherche honoraire au CNRS’.
His professor of zoology at the Basel Institute, Prof. Dr. Adolf Portmann (*1897 to †1982), was likely the person who most decisively directed his scientific career including the broad lines of his approaches and thoughts. Through numerous publications, Sigurd shows his admiration and respect for Portmann and his thoughts.
Another personality who influenced Sigurd was Pio Fioroni (*1933 to †2003). During Sigurd’s studies in Basel, Fioroni was Portmann's first assistant. Later, he became professor of zoology at the University of Münster (Germany). He visited Sigurd in Banyuls many times, which allowed Sigurd to have abundant discussions with him.
Having studied in Switzerland, it was notably the influential work (e.g., Naef, 1922) and reflections of Adolf Naef (*1883 to †1949), which led Sigurd towards phylogenetic and evolutionary interpretations of his research results (see also Boletzky, 1999d). The enormous respect Sigurd had for this tireless researcher who died prematurely at the young age of only 57 years is reflected in the English translation of the standard work "Cephalopoda—Embryology", part I, vol. II, Fauna Flora of the Bay of Naples (Teil I: Naef 1923–1928; vol. II: Naef, 1972). Besides Adolf Naef, Pio Fioroni and Sigurd, the interest of the Swiss in cephalopods is also strongly associated with Adolf Portmann, Hans-Jürg Marthy, and Katharina Mangold-Wirz. Adolf Portmann arrived in Banyuls for the first time in 1925.
The cephalopods, especially their mode of development and embryology fascinated Sigurd and he published about 80 articles about these topics (Boletzky, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971b, 1971c, 1971d, 1972b, 1973a, 1973b, 1974a, 1974b, 1975b, 1975c, 1975d, 1977b, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c, 1978–1979, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1980a, 1980b, 1981a, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1984, 1986a, 1987e, 1987f, 1987g, 1988a, 1989b, 1989a, 1989b, 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1997b, 1999b, 2000a, b, 2003a, 2006, 2009a, 2009b, 2010; Boletzky et al., 1970a, 1970b, 1973a, 1973b, 1989, 2001, 2002, 2006; Boletzky and Boletzky, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c; Bandel & Boletzky, 1979, 1988; Boletzky & Fioroni, 1990; Boletzky & Mangold, 1989; Boletzky & Wiedmann, 1978; Bonnaud-Ponticelli & Boletzky, 2016; Chirat & Boletzky, 2003; Fioroni & Boletzky, 1990; Overath & Boletzky, 1974; Mangold & Boletzky, 1973; Mangold et al., 1971; Poulin et al., 2001; Shigeno et al., 2010).
He mainly investigated the early stages of ontogenesis, embryonic development and early juvenile stages, as well as reproduction. For example, it was him who discovered the function of the Kölliker organ as a gland for the hatching of eggs (Boletzky, 1973b). As well, it was also him who described the important relationship between relative egg size and the mode of life of the hatchlings (cephalopod egg size varies from < 2 mm to several centimetres) and the relationship between temperature and development time of the eggs (e.g., Boletzky, 1986b, 1988a, 1994a, 2003a). And it was again Sigurd who described the fractional emission of the eggs by the females in Sepia officinalis and therefore in other species (Boletzky, 1972b, 1975d). The comparative study of reproductive strategies followed, of which he was a forerunner.
Sigurd and Hans-Jürg Marthy belonged to the last doctoral students of Portmann who promoted the interest of these two young scientists in the developmental biology of Cephalopods. Consequently, Katharina Mangold-Wirz suggested that, once their theses have been completed, they come and work with her in Banyuls. Therefore, these Portmann students arrived in 1969 and 1970 at the Arago Laboratory in Banyuls and entered the CNRS in 1970 and 1971 after their post-doctoral internships (Sigurd in Miami, USA, and Marthy in Utrecht, Netherlands, and Paris, France).
Sigurd was, according to Marthy, particularly proud of his publication "Our current knowledge of octopod development" [transl. from French] (Boletzky, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c–1979). In fact, he was especially fascinated by the embryology of octopods (especially the phenomenon of reversals of embryos in the chorion and the link of this phenomenon with the mode of hatching). He was also proud of his success in breeding cephalopods, which opened up the possibility of carrying out studies on their post-embryonic and juvenile life (Boletzky, 2004c). Starting in the 1970s, the role of the yolk in embryogenesis was also dear to him (Boletzky, 1975c, 2010).
Sigurd’s ingenuity becomes also obvious in phylogenetical and palaeontological contributions. His cultivated manners have been proven when he constructively criticized the Neocoleoidea concept, whereupon crown octobrachians and crown decabrachians are sister groups (Boletzky, 1992a, 1992b). His more theoretical contributions (e.g., “Nude ammonites….”, Boletzky, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; “From head to foot—and back again…”; Boletzky, 2006; “Hatch-as-hatch-can….”, Boletzky, 2007; “Origin of the lower jaw in cephalopods: a biting issue”; Boletzky, 2010) are still stimulating students to critically scrutinize publications.
Sigurd is undoubtedly one of the most productive and the more "generalist" of the teuthologists of the second half of the twentieth century. A good part of his research can be tagged as classical descriptive embryology, which brought fourth multiple interpretations, hypotheses and data in systematic, phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts (e.g., Boletzky, , etc.). The common thread in his research was, above all, his fascination with the embryology of cephalopods and developmental biology in genera. In fact, Sigurd is recognized by Rodrigues (2012) as a "developmental and evolutionary biologist".
Besides his close to 200 publications, he also edited several journals including ‘Vie et Millieu’. When Nicole Coineau took responsibility for the periodical in 1980, Sigurd spontaneously volunteered to help control the English of certain articles when they needed it. He therefore participated effectively in the editorial staff of the periodical more and more regularly as English became the majority language in the journal. He also submitted 18 of his articles for publication in Vie et Milieu (Boletzky, 1972a, 1974c, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c–1979, 1981a, 1984, 1987b, 1997a; Boletzky & Centelles, 1978–1979; Boletzky & Doyle, 1967; Boletzky & Roeleveld, 2000; Boletzky et al., 1997; Boletzky et al., 2002; Boletzky et al., 2006; Bonnaud-Ponticelli & Boletzky, 2016; Hanlon et al., 1985; Kuba et al., 2011; Nishiguchi et al., 2014; Salman et al., 1999). Then, when it was decided in the editorial staff of the periodical to publish themed issues, it organized and edited or co-edited, on various occasions, volumes devoted to Cephalopods alone.
Most importantly, his enthusiasm, his sense of humour, and his vast knowledge about cephalopod development and evolution is really world-renowned in the community of cephalopod researchers. Notably, we was highly estimated in both the neontological and the palaeontological communities. Therefore, he was a very welcome participant in international scientific meetings. Apart from the regular meetings of the CIAC (Fig. 2), the first of which he co-organized in Banyuls, he organized a number of workshops (reproduction strategies, parasites, sepiolids, systematics, etc.), especially in the Mediterranean region, from which young researchers benefited particularly. His developmental studies have taught researchers a lot about understanding cephalopods, including in the field of palaeontology. Indeed, his work and thoughts on the development and reproduction of cephalopods (Bandel and Boletzky, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d, 1987e, 1987f, 1987g; Boletzky 1993, 1997, 2003a; Shigeno et al., 2010) inspired many paleontological studies (Landman et al., 1996; Laptikhovsky et al., 2018) including our own (De Baets et al., 2012).
Photos featuring Sigurd von Boletzky at the CIAC meeting 2003 in Phuket, Thailand. A, Group photo at the CIAC2003 Formal Symposium banquet, February 21st, 2003, with Sigurd, Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta, Clyde Roper, Patricia Jereb, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Erica Vidal, Takashi Okutani, Malcom Clarke. B, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata with Sigurd and an elephant at the CIAC2003. C, At a restaurant near the Metropole Hotel in Phuket, February 17th, 2003 with Sigurd, Dmitry Alexeyev, Frank E. Anderson, Michele Nishiguchi, Chingis Nigmatulin, Oleg Katigin. D, Sigurd and squid at Phuket fish landing of the Fish Marketing Organization on February 18th, 2003
He also served on the council of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC) founded in 1983. The CIAC also made him ‘Honorary life member’ in Vigo, Spain in 2009.
Sigurd was always keen to bring neontologists and palaeontologists together. In 2002, he organized together with Helmut Keupp and his phD student Kerstin Warnke the first International Symposium Coleoid Cephalopods Through Time in Berlin. Moreover, he often attended the International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past (Fig. 3), which has a more palaeontological focus but really profits from the presence of neontologists. At the international “Cephalopods—Present and Past” symposium, in Dijon, in 2010, he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award. Last but not least, he organized several European symposia on coleoid cephalopods (Fig. 4).
Sigurd von Boletzky discussing with Hélène and Raymond Enay at the conference dinner of the International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past, September 9th, 2014 in Zurich, Switzerland. Photo by J.N
Sigurd von Boletzky in Banyuls, explaining the internal organization of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis
Within the CIESM (Mediterranean Science Commission), Sigurd created, at the end of the 1970s, the ‘Groupe de travail sur les Céphalopodes’, which operated in the Mediterranean area and organized various meetings. The first was held in the Laboratoire Arago in Banyuls in 1981, and was followed by those of Barcelona, Mola di Bari, Creta, Mazara del Vallo, Florence. In this way, Boletzky created a network of mostly young cephalopod researchers—French, Spanish, Italian, German, Greek, Portuguese, Tunisian—who exchanged ideas and experiences essential for their development under his scientific patronage. Some of these meetings were dedicated to specific themes such as “Mediterranean Sepiolidae” (Boletzky, 1995) or the even more international meeting at Mazara on “Squid age determination using statoliths” (Jereb et al., 1991) or the workshop on “Cephalopod parasites” at Banyuls (Pascual et al., 1996).
Sigurd von Boletzky was one of the leading researchers in cephalopod development and evolution. With his activities, his excitement, and his warm-hearted character, he united biologists and palaeontologists. He will be dearly missed by the community and we will all keep fond memories of our great encounters.
All sources of information are provided in the text. No fossil or zoological materials were used.
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von Boletzky, S. (1966). Zum Schlüpfen von Octopus vulgaris Lam. Verhandlungen Der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Basel, 77(2), 165–170.
von Boletzky, S. (1967). Die embryonale Ausgestaltung der frühen Mitteldarmanlage von Octopus vulgaris Lam. Revue Suisse De Zoologie, 74, 555–562.
von Boletzky, S., & Dohle, W. (1967). Observations sur un capitellidé (Capitella hermaphrodita sp. n.) et d'autres polychètes habitant la ponte de Loligo vulgaris. Vie et Milieu, 18(1) A, 79–98.
von Boletzky, S. (1968). Untersuchungen über die Organogenese des Kreislaufsystem von Octopus vulgaris Lam. Revue suisse de zoologie; annales de la Société zoologique suisse et du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève, 75, 765–812.
von Boletzky, S. (1969). Zum Vergleich der Ontogenesen von Octopus vulgaris, O. joubini und O. briareus. Revue Suisse De Zoologie, 76, 716–726.
von Boletzky, S., & von Boletzky, M. V. (1969). First results in rearing Octopus joubini Robson 1929. Verhandlungen Der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Basel, 80(1), 56–61.
von Boletzky, S. (1970). On the lay-out of the midgut rudiment in Loligo pealei (LeSueur). Experientia, 26, 880–881.
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von Boletzky, S. (1971d). Zu den Lageveränderungen von Octopoden-Embryonen (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Revue Suisse De Zoologie, 78, 538–548.
von Boletzky, S., von Boletzky, M. V., Frösch, D., & Gätzi, V. (1971). Laboratory rearing of Sepiolinae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology, 8(1), 82–87.
Mangold, K., von Boletzky, S., & Frösch, D. (1971). Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Eledone cirrosa (Cephalopoda: Octopoda). Marine Biology, 8(2), 109–117.
von Boletzky, S. (1972a). A note on aerial prey-capture by Sepia officinalis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 23(1), 133–140.
von Boletzky, S. (1972b). Unusual egg-deposit by a cuttlefish. Veliger, 15(1), 61.
von Boletzky, S. (1973a). Association of mitochondria with ciliary rootlets in squid embryos. Cytobiology, 8(1), 164–167.
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von Boletzky, S., & von Boletzky, M. V. (1973a). Observations on the embryonic and early post-embryonic development of Rossia macrosoma (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 25, 135–161.
von Boletzky, S., Rowe, L., & Aroles, L. (1973b). Spawning and development of the eggs, in the laboratory, of Illex coindetii (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Veliger, 15(3), 257–258.
Mangold, K., & von Boletzky, S. (1973). New data on reproductive biology and growth of Octopus vulgaris. Marine Biology, 19, 7–12.
von Boletzky, S. (1974a). The “larvae” of Cephalopoda: A review. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 10(1/2), 45–76.
von Boletzky, S. (1974b). Effets de la sous-nutrition prolongée sur le développement de la coquille de Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Bulletin Société Zoologique De La France, 99(4), 667–673.
von Boletzky, S. (1974c). Elevage de Céphalopodes en aquarium. Vie Et Milieu, 24(2), 309–340.
Overath, H., & von Boletzky, S. (1974). Laboratory observations on spawning and embryonic development of a blue-ringed octopus. Marine Biology, 27, 333–337.
von Boletzky, S. (1975a). The reproductive cycle of Sepiolidae (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Pubblicazione Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli, 39, 84–95.
von Boletzky, S. (1975b). Le développement d’Eledone moschata (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) élevée au laboratoire. Bulletin Société Zoologique De La France, 100(3), 361–367.
von Boletzky, S. (1975c). A contribution to the study of yolk absorption in the Cephalopoda. Zeitschrift Für Morphologie Der Tiere, 80, 229–246.
von Boletzky, S. (1975d). Spawning behaviour independent of egg maturity in a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis Linnaeus). Veliger, 17(3), 247–248.
Schipp, R., von Boletzky, S., & Doell, G. (1975). Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations on the renal appendages and their concrements in dibranchiate cephalopods (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Zeitschrift Für Morphologie Der Tiere, 81, 279–304.
Schipp, R., & von Boletzky, S. (1975). Morphology and function of the excretory organs in dibranchiate Cephalopods. Fortschritte Der Zoologie, 23(2/3), 89–111.
von Boletzky, S. (1976). Quelques observations sur Pteroctopus tetracirrhus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 23(8), 95–102.
Mangold-Wirz, K., von Boletzky, S., & Mesnil, B. (1976). Biologie de reproduction et distribution d’Octopus salutii Verany (Cephalopoda, Octopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 23(8), 87–93.
Schipp, R., & von Boletzky, S. (1976). The pancreatic appendages of dibranchiate cephalopods. I. The fine structure of the “pancreas” in Sepioidea. Zoomorphologie, 86, 81–98.
Boletzky, S. von. (1977a). Post-hatching behaviour and mode of life in cephalopods. In: Nixon, M. & Messenger, J. B. (eds), The Biology of Cephalopods. Symposium of the Zoological Society London, 38, 557–567.
von Boletzky, S. (1977b). Le développement embryonnaire de Scaeurgus unicirrhus: Contribution à l’étude du “Macrotritopus problem” (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 24(5), 53–63.
von Boletzky, S. (1978a). Premières données sur le développement embryonnaire du sepiolidé pélagique Heteroteuthis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Haliotis, 9(1), 81–84.
von Boletzky, S. (1978b). Structure et fonction des appareils ciliaires transitoires chez les embryons des Céphalopodes [Abstract]. Biologie Cell., 33, 23a.
von Boletzky, S. (1978c). Gut development in cephalopods: A correction. Revue Suisse De Zoologie, 85(2), 379–380.
von Boletzky, S., & Wiedmann, J. (1978). Schulp-Wachstum bei Sepia officinalis in Abhängigkeit von ökologischen Parametern. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 157(1/2), 103–106.
von Boletzky, S.. (1978–1979). Nos connaissances actuelles sur le développement des octopodes. Vie et Milieu, 28–29 (1) AB, 85–120.
von Boletzky, S., & Centelles, J. (1978–1979). Argonauta argo (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) dans la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu, 28–29(4), 659–660.
von Boletzky, S. (1979a). Ciliary locomotion in squid hatching. Experientia, 35, 1051–1052.
von Boletzky, S. (1979b). Observations on the early post-embryonic development of Loligo vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 25/26(10), 155–158.
von Boletzky, S. (1979c). Growth and life-span of Sepia officinalis under artificial conditions (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 25/26(10), 159–168.
von Boletzky, S., & Marthy, H. J. (1979). Le problème du mode particulier de segmentation chez les Céphalopodes, Mollusques “non spiraliens” [Abstract]. Archive Anatomie Microscopique, 68(3), 212.
Bandel, K., & von Boletzky, S. (1979). A comparative study of the structure, development and morphological relationships of chambered cephalopod shells. Veliger, 21(3), 313–354.
Ross, D. M., & von Boletzky, S. (1979). The association between the pagurid Dardanus arrosor and the actinian Calliactis parasitica. Recovery of activity in “inactive” D. arrosor in the presence of cephalopods. Marine Behavioral Physiology, 6, 175–184.
Schipp, R., Mollenhauer, S., & von Boletzky, S. (1979). Electron microscopical and histochemical studies of differentiation and function of the cephalopod gill (Sepia officinalis L.). Zoomorphologie, 93, 193–207.
von Boletzky, S. (1980a). Les “cils à raquette” chez les embryons des Céphalopodes – cas de Loligo vulgaris. Bulletin Société Zoologique De La France, 105(1), 209–214.
von Boletzky, S. (1980b). Note préliminaire sur quelques embryons d’octopodes cirromorphes (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Haliotis, 10(2), 23.
von Boletzky, S. (1981a). Morphologie de l’oeuf et mode de ponte chez Pteroctopus tetracirrhus (Mollusca Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 31(3–4), 255–259.
von Boletzky, S. (1981b). Réflexions sur les stratégies de reproduction chez les Céphalopodes. Bulletin Société Zoologique De La France, 106(3), 293–304.
Herring, P. J., Clarke, M. R., von Boletzky, S., & Ryan, K. P. (1981). The light organs of Sepiola atlantica and Spirula spirula (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) bacterial and intrinsic systems in the order Sepioidea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association U K, 61, 901–916.
von Boletzky, S. (1982a). On eggs and embryos of cirromorph octopods. Malacologia, 22(1–2), 197–204.
von Boletzky, S. (1982b). Developmental aspects of the mantle complex in coleoid cephalopods. Malacologia, 23(1), 165–175.
von Boletzky, S. (1982c). Structure tégumentaire de l’embryon et mode d’éclosion chez les céphalopodes. Bulletin De La Société Zoologique De France, 107(3), 475–482.
Wiedmann, J. & Boletzky, S. von. (1982).Wachstum und Differenzierung des Schulps von Sepia officinalis unter künstlichen Aufzuchtbedingungen – Grenzen der Anwendung im palökologischen Modell. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 164(1), 118–133.
von Boletzky, S. (1983a). Sepia officinalis. In P. R. Boyle (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles (Vol. I, pp. 31–52). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1983b). Sepiola robusta. In P. R. Boyle (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles (Vol. I, pp. 53–67). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1983c). Laboratory observations on a female Argonauta argo (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 28(5), 289–290.
von Boletzky, S., & Hanlon, R. T. (1983). A review of the laboratory maintenance, rearing and culture of cephalopod molluscs. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 44, 147–187.
von Boletzky, S. (1984). The embryonic development of the octopus Scaeurgus unicirrhus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)—Additional data and discussion. Vie Et Milieu, 34(2), 87–93.
Ward, P. D., & von Boletzky, S. (1984). Shell implosion depth and implosion morphologies in three species of Sepia (Cephalopoda) from the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK, 64, 955–966.
von Boletzky, S. (1985). Céphalopodes. In: Laubier, L. & Monniot, C. (eds.), Peuplements profonds du golfe de Gasgogne. Publ. IFREMER 1985, pp. 401–408.
von Boletzky, S., & Mangold, K. (1985). Loligo forbesi in the north-western Mediterranean (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 29(8), 245–246.
Hanlon, R. T., Forsythe, J. W., & von Boletzky, S. (1985). Field and laboratory behavior of “Macrotritopus larvae” reared to Octopus defilippi Verany, 1851 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 35(3/4), 237–242.
von Boletzky, S. (1986a). Encapsulation of cephalopod embryos: A search for functional correlations. American Malacological Bulletin, 4(2), 217–227.
von Boletzky, S. (1986b). Reproductive strategies in cephalopods: Variation and flexibility of life-history patterns. International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction. International Symposium, 4, 379–389.
von Boletzky, S. (1987a). Modes d’éclosion chez les céphalopodes (cinéfilm, 16 min.; camera: J. leComte). SFRS, distr. CERIMES, Paris.
von Boletzky, S. (1987b). On egg and capsule dimensions in Loligo forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 37(3/4), 187–192.
von Boletzky, S. (1987c). Cephalopoda. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology 1988 (pp. 50–53). McGraw-Hill Publ. Co.
von Boletzky, S. (1987d). Fecundity variation in relation to intermittent or chronic spawning in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 40(2), 382–387.
von Boletzky, S. (1987e). Ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects of the cephalopod circulatory system. Experientia, 43, 478–483.
von Boletzky, S. (1987f). Embryonic phase. In P. R. Boyle (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles (Vol. II, pp. 5–31). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1987g). Juvenile behaviour. In P. R. Boyle (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles (Vol. II, pp. 45–60). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1988a). Cephalopod development and evolutionary concepts. In M. R. Clarke & E. R. Trueman (Eds.), The Mollusca, Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods (Vol. 12, pp. 185–202). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1988b). Characteristics of cephalopod embryogenesis. In J. Wiedmann & J. Kullmann (Eds.), Cephalopods—present and past (pp. 167–179). Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
von Boletzky, S. (1988c). Preliminary observations on laboratory-reared Sepia orgignyana (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) [Abstract]. Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 31(2), 256.
von Boletzky, S. (1988d). A new record of long-continued spawning in Sepia officinalis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) [Abstract]. Rapports Et Procés-Verbaux Des Réunions Commission Internationale De La Mer Méditerranée, 31(2), 257.
Bandel, K., & von Boletzky, S. (1988). Features of development and functional morphology required in the reconstruction of early coleoid cephalopods. In J. Wiedmann & J. Kullmann (Eds.), Cephalopods—present and past (pp. 229–246). Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Mangold, K., & von Boletzky, S. (1988). Mediterranean cephalopod fauna. In M. R. Clarke & E. R. Trueman (Eds.), The Mollusca, paleontology and neontology of cephalopods (Vol. 12, pp. 315–330). Academic Press.
von Boletzky, S. (1989a). Recent studies on spawning, embryonic development, and hatching in the Cephalopoda. Advances in Marine Biology, 25, 85–115.
von Boletzky, S. (1989b). Early ontogeny and evolution: The cephalopod model viewed from the point of developmental morphology. Geobios M. s., 12, 67–78.
von Boletzky, S. (1989c). Réflexion sur les facteurs du déterminisme des migrations chez les Céphalopods. Océanis, 15(2), 115–120.
von Boletzky, S. (1989d). Cephalopoda. McGraw-Hill yearbook of science & technology 1990 (pp. 55–58). McGraw-Hill Publ. Co.
von Boletzky, S. (1989e). Elevage de céphalopodes en aquarium: Acquis récents. B Bulletin Société Zoologique De La France, 114(4), 57–66.
von Boletzky, S., & Mangold, K. (1989). Système sanguin et espaces coelomiques: leur développement. In: Grassé, P. P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie Tome V, fasc. 4, Céphalopodes (K. Mangold, ed.), Masson, Paris, pp. 375–385.
Mangold, K., Bidder, A. M. & von Boletzky, S. (1989). Appareils excréteurs et excrétion. In: Grassé, P. P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie Tome V, fasc. 4, Céphalopodes (K. Mangold, ed.), Masson, Paris, pp. 439–457.
von Boletzky, S., Marthy, H. J. & Portmann, A. (1989). Embryologie. In: Grassé, P. P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie Tome V, fasc. 4, Céphalopodes (K. Mangold, ed.), Masson, Paris, pp. 553–575.
von Boletzky, S., & Fioroni, P. (1990). Embryo inversions in incirrate octopods: The state of an enigma. Journal of Cephalopod Biology, 1(2), 37–57.
Fioroni, P., & von Boletzky, S. (1990). Morphologische Aspekte der Dotterresorption in der späteren Embryonalperiode von Octopoden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von zwei Eledone-Arten. Zoologische Beiträge n. f., 33(1), 1–21.
von Boletzky, S. (1991). The terminal spine of sepiolid hatchlings: Its development and functional morphology (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Marine Science, 49, 107–112.
von Boletzky, S., & Overath, H. (1991). Shell fracture and repair in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. In E. Boucaud-Camou (Ed.), La seiche – The cuttlefish (pp. 68–78). Centre de Publications.
Jereb, P., Ragonese, S. & Boletzky, S. von. (eds., 1991), Squid age determination using statoliths. N. T. R. - I. T. P. P. Special Publication N. 1, 117.
Tsacopoulos, M., Métivier, C., & von Boletzky, S. (1991). Explorations of relationships between function and energy metabolism in the isolated retina of Sepia officinalis. In E. Boucaud-Camou (Ed.), La seiche – The cuttlefish (pp. 223–235). Centre de Publications.
Ragonese, S., Jereb, P. & Boletzky, S. von. (1991). Age- vs. length-based methods: a closing comment. In: Jereb, P., Ragonese, S. & Boletzky, S. von. (eds.), Squid age determination using statoliths. N. T. R. - I. T. P. P. Special Publication N. 1, 117.
von Boletzky, S. (1992a). Evolutionary aspects of development, life style, and reproductive mode in incirrate octopods (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Revue Suisse De Zoologie, 99, 755–770.
von Boletzky, S. (1992b). Kopffüsser: Schlüpfprozesse. In: Emschermann, P., Hoffrichter, O., Körner, H. & Zissler, D. (eds.). Meeresbiologische Exkursion – Beobachtung und Experiment, 216–218; Stuttgart (G. Fischer).
von Boletzky, S., Rio, M., & Roux, M. (1992). Octopod “ballooning” response. Nature, 356, 199.
Hanlon, R. T., Boletzky, S. von., Okutani, T., Perez-Gandaras, G., Sanchez, P., Sousa-Reis, C. & Vecchione, M. (1992). Suborder Myopsida Orbigny, 1845. In: Sweeney, M. J., Roper, C. F. E., Mangold, K. M., Clarke, M. R. & Boletzky, S. von. (eds.), “Larval” and Juvenile Cephalopods: A Manual for Their Identification. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 513, 37–53.
von Boletzky, S. (1994a). Embryonic development of cephalopods at low temperatures. Antarctic Sci., 6(2), 139–142.
von Boletzky, S. (1994b). Cephalopoda. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology, 1995, 73–76.
von Boletzky, S. (1994c). Defensive “folding” response in the shortfin squid Illex coindetii (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). The Veliger, 37, 280–283.
Hopkins, B., & von Boletzky, S. (1994). The fine morphology of the shell sac in the squid genus Loligo (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) Features of a modified conchiferan program. Veliger, 37(4), 344–357.
von Boletzky, S. (1995). The systematic position of the Sepiolidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). In: Mediterranean Sepiolidae (S. v. Boletzky, ed.). Bull. Inst. océanogr. Monaco, n° spécial, 16, 99–104.
Volpi, C., Borri, M. & Boletzky, S. von. (1995). Mediterranean Sepiolidae: an introduction. In: Mediterranean Sepiolidae (S. v. Boletzky, ed.). Bull. Inst. océanogr. Monaco, n° spécial 16, 7–14.
Villanueva, R., Nozais, C., & von Boletzky, S. (1995). The planktonic life of octopuses. Nature, 377, 107.
von Boletzky, S. (1996a). Développement retardé des tentacules chez Idiosepius: Une hétérochronie originale dans la morphogenèse brachiale d’un Céphalopode nain [Abstract]. Bulletin De La Société Zoologique De France, 121(1), 135–136.
von Boletzky, S. (1996b). Developmental halts and switches: evolutionary lessons from Idiosepius (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). ICSEB V (Fifth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Budapest, August 17–24, 1996b), Abstracts, p. 191.
Boyle, P. R. & Boletzky, S. von. (1996). Cephalopod populations: definition and dynamics. In: Clarke, M. R. (ed.). The role of cephalopods in the world's oceans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 351, 985–1002.
von Boletzky, S. (1996c). Cephalopods burying in soft substrata: Agents of bioturbation? P. s. z. n. i: Mar. Ecol., 17(1–3), 77–86.
Villanueva, R., Nozais, C., & von Boletzky, S. (1996). Swimming behaviour and food searching in planktonic Octopus vulgaris Cuvier from hatching to settlement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 208, 169–184.
von Boletzky, S. (1997a). Puffing smoke-rings under water: the functional morphology of cephalopod ink ejectors [Abstract]. In: Boletzky, S. von., Fioroni, P. & Guerra, A., (eds), Functional Morphology of Cephalopods. Vie Milieu, 47(2), 180–181.
von Boletzky, S. (1997b). Developmental constraints and heterochrony: A new look at offspring size in cephalopod molluscs. Geobios M. s., 21, 267–275.
von Boletzky, S., Fioroni, P., & Guerra, A. (1997). Functional morphology of cephalopods. Vie Milieu, 47(2), 85–184.
Budelmann, B. U., Schipp, R. & Boletzky, S. von. (1997). Cephalopoda. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates (F. Harrison ed.), vol. 6A: Mollusca II, chapter 3, pp. 119–414.
Neige, P., & von Boletzky, S. (1997). Morphometrics of the shell of three Sepia species (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) intra- and interspecific variation. Zool. Beitr. N. F., 38(2), 137–156.
von Boletzky, S. (1998a). The impact of gamete protection on biodiversity: Reflections on a moderately diversified marine molluscan class (Cephalopoda). Océanis, 24(4), 137–157.
von Boletzky, S. (1998b). Les Céphalopodes. pp. 159–176. In: Quéro, J.-Cl. & Vayne, J.-J. (eds.), Les fruits de la mer et plantes marines des pêches françaises. Delachaux & Niestlé, Lausanne, Paris.
von Boletzky, S. (1998c). Cephalopod eggs and egg masses. In: Ansell, A. D., Gibson, R. N. & Barnes, M. (eds), Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 36, 341–371.
Fidopiastis, P. M., von Boletzky, S., & Ruby, E. G. (1998). A new niche for Vibrio logei, the predominant light organ symbiont of squids in the genus Sepiola. Journal of Bacteriology, 180(1), 59–64.
Khromov, D. N., Lu, C. C., Guerra, A., Dong, Zh. & Boletzky, S. von. (1998). A synopsis of Sepiidae outside Australian waters (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea). In: Voss, N. A., Vecchione, M., Toll, R. B. & Sweeney, M. J. (eds.), Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Smiths. Contr. Zool., 586(1), 77–157.
Schipp, R. & Boletzky, S. von. (1998). Congenital malformation of the systemic heart of Sepia officinalis L.: morphological, phylogenetic and ecotoxicological aspects. In: Payne, A. I. L., Lipinski, M. R., Clarke, M. R. & Roeleveld, M. A. C., (eds.), Cephalopod Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. South African Journal of marine Science, 20, 25–27.
Schipp, R., von Boletzky, S., Jakobs, P., & Labourg, P. J. (1998). A congenital malformation of the systemic heart complex in Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 52, 29–40.
von Boletzky, S. (1999a). Biologie et Biogéographie des Céphalopodes actuels. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 170(2), 205–215.
von Boletzky, S. (1999b). Cephalopod development and evolution: Biological insight into ontogenesis as a guide to paleomorphology. In F. Oloríz & F. J. Rodriguez-Tóvar (Eds.), Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods (pp. 3–11). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
von Boletzky, S. (1999c). Brève mise au point sur la classification des céphalopodes actuels. Bulletin De La Société Zoologique De France, 124(3), 271–278.
von Boletzky, S. (1999d). Systematische Morphologie und Phylogenetik – zur Bedeutung des Werkes von Adolf Naef (1883–1949). Vierteljahrsschrift Der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Zürich, 144(2), 73–82.
Salman, A., Katagan, T., & von Boletzky, S. (1999). New cephalopod molluscs in the eastern Mediterranean: Previously unnoted species or recent migrants? Vie Et Milieu, 49(1), 11–17.
von Boletzky, S., & Roeleveld, M. A. C. (2000). “Ventral adhesion” to hard substrates: A thigmotactic response in sepiid cuttlefish (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 50(1), 59–64.
Dommergues, J.-L., Neige, P., & von Boletzky, S. (2000). Exploration of morphospace using Procrustes analysis in statoliths of cuttlefish and squid (Cephalopoda: Decabrachia) – Evolutionary Aspects of Form Disparity. Veliger, 43(3), 265–276.
von Boletzky, S. [1998] (2001a). The impact of gamete protection on biodiversity: reflections on a moderately diversified marine molluscan class (Cephalopoda). Océanis, 24(4), 137–157.
von Boletzky, S. (2001b). The visual world of hatchling and juvenile cephalopods [Abstract]. Adv. Ethology, 36, 86.
von Boletzky, S. (2001c). Paläobiologie der Cephalopoden—vom Petrefaktischen zur Frage: «Wie hat das Tier gelebt?». Berliner Geowiss. Abh., E36, 121–129.
von Boletzky, S., Fuentès, M., & Offner, N. (2001). First record of spawning and embryonic development in Octopus macropus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 81, 703–704.
Poulin, E., von Boletzky, S., & Féral, J.-P. (2001). Combined ecological factors permit classification of developmental patterns in benthic marine invertebrates: A discussion note. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 257, 109–115.
von Boletzky, S. (2002a). Yolk Sac Morphology in Cephalopod Embryos. In: Summesberger, H, Histon, K. & Daurer, A., (eds.), Cephalopods - Present and Past. Abh. Geol. B.-A., 57, 57–68.
von Boletzky, S. (2002b). How small is “very small” in coleoid cephalopods. In International Symposium" Coleoid cephalopods through time". Program and Abstracts. Berliner Paläobiol Abh (Vol. 1, pp. 14–15).
von Boletzky, S. (2002c). Developmental morphology of the coleoid arm crown: Reflections on the phylogenetic position of belemnoids [Abstract]. Berliner Paläobiol. Abh., 1, 12–13.
von Boletzky, S. (2002d). How small is «very small» in coleoid cephalopods? [Abstract]. Berliner Paläobiol. Abh., 1, 14–15.
von Boletzky, S., Fuentès, M., & Offner, N. (2002). Developmental features of Octopus macropus Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Vie Et Milieu, 52(4), 209–215.
Foster, J. S., von Boletzky, S., & McFall-Ngai, M. J. (2002). A comparison of the light organ development of Sepiola robusta Naef and Euprymna scolopes Berry (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 70(1), 141–153.
Rohrbach-Hielscher, B., von Boletzky, S., & Schipp, R. (2002). Structure and reorganization of the nervous system in the regenerating tentacle of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis L. [Abstract]. Berliner Paläobiol. Abh., 1, 94–95.
Sauer, W. H. H., Melo, Y. C., & von Boletzky, S. (2002). Squid and anchovy: Similar subjects, different schools. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71(2), 771–782.
von Boletzky, S. (2003a). Biology of early life stages in cephalopod molluscs. Advances in Marine Biology, 44, 143–204.
von Boletzky, S. (2003b). A lower limit to adult size in coleoid cephalopods: Elements of a discussion. Berliner Paläobiol. Abh., 3, 19–28.
Chirat, R., & von Boletzky, S. (2003). Morphogenetic significance of the conchal furrow in nautiloids: Evidence from early embryonic shell development of Jurassic Nautilida. Lethaia, 36, 161–170.
Nishiguchi, M. K. & Boletzky, S. von. (2003). Revisiting old ideas in the light of new investigations: the evolution of bacteriogenic light organs in cephalopods [Abstract]. CIAC2003: Biology, Recruitment & Culture of Cephalopods (Programme and Abstracts), 66.
Warnke, K., Keupp, H., & von Boletzky, S. (2003). Coleoids cephalopods through time. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3, 266.
von Boletzky, S. (2004a). ”Nude ammonoids”: A challenge to cephalopod phylogeny? Geobios, 37, 117–118.
von Boletzky, S. (2004b). Whence and whither: Mediterranean cephalopod studies through the 20th century. Turk. J. Aquatic Life, 2(2), 217–228.
von Boletzky, S. (2004c). A brief survey of cephalopod culture techniques. Turk. J. Aquatic Life, 2(2), 229–240.
Beuerlein, K., Ruth, P., Scholz, F.-R., Springer, J., Lieb, B., Gebauer, W., Westermann, B., Schmidtberg, H., von Boletzky, S., Markl, J., & Schipp, R. (2004). Blood cells and the biosynthesis of hemocyanin in Sepia embryos. Micron, 35, 115–116.
Nishiguchi, M. K., Lopez, J. E., & von Boletzky, S. (2004). Enlightenment of old ideas from new investigations: More questions regarding the evolution of bacteriogenic light organs in squids. Evol. Devel., 6(1), 41–49.
Boletzky, S. von. (2005). No hands – but arms: The morphological and functional diversification of brachial appendages in the evolution of coleoid cephalopods. In: Košták, M. & Marek, J. (eds.), 2nd International Symposium 'Coleoid Cephalopods Through Time', Prague 2005. Short Papers/Abstracts Volume, 26–28.
von Boletzky, S., Nishiguchi, M. K., Nabhitabhata, J., & Nugranad, J. (2005). Idiosepius: ecology, biology and biogeography of a mini-maximalist. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull., 66, 11–22.
von Boletzky, S. (2006). From head to foot – and back again: brachial crown development in the Coleoidea (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica, 49, 33–42.
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We cordially thank especially Sigurd’s wife Verena von Boletzky and his colleagues Giambattista Bello, Nicole Coineau, Angel Guerra, as well as Jürg Marthy for providing all the information, which we combined in this text. All these reports reflect the deep appreciation people had of the person and researcher Sigurd von Boletzky.
Daniel Marty (Porrentruy) helped greatly with editing the volume.
CK was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project nr. 200021_169627).
All authors had the idea to edit this volume and to write this article. LBP collected the information on Sigurd von Boletzky’s life and career. JN and LBP contributed the illustrations. All authors wrote parts of the text and approved of its final version. All authors contributed to the bibliography of Sigurd von Boletzky. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We have no competing interests.
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Klug, C., Bonnaud-Ponticelli, L., Nabhitabhata, J. et al. Cephalopod palaeobiology: evolution and life history of the most intelligent invertebrates. Swiss J Palaeontol 141, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-022-00247-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-022-00247-1
